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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Simultaneous Data Collection of fMRI and fNIRS Measurements Using a Whole-Head Optode Array and Short-Distance Channels

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Quantifying Cardiac, Respiratory, and Low Frequency Components of CSF Motion From fMRI Inflow Effects.

Pontus Söderström¹, Cecilia Björnfot^2,3, Britt M Andersson¹

¹Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

|May 17, 2026

Summary

This study quantifies cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow using functional MRI, revealing that cardiac cycles significantly influence CSF motion at the foramen magnum. This method allows for easier assessment of brain clearance markers.

Keywords:

cerebrospinal fluid flow glymphatic system inflow effect quantitative flow assessment resting‐state fMRI

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

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Published on: October 20, 2023

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Area of Science:

Neuroimaging
Biomedical Engineering
Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow oscillations are crucial for brain clearance.
Acquiring CSF flow data typically requires specialized MRI sequences.
There is a need for methods utilizing widely available imaging techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method for quantitative CSF flow assessment using functional MRI (fMRI).
To analyze CSF flow associated with cardiac, respiratory, and low-frequency cycles.
To enable quantitative assessment of brain clearance markers with conventional MRI.

Main Methods:

Developed a spin-history modeling approach to translate fMRI signals into quantitative flow rates.
Validated the method using phantom experiments with controlled oscillatory flow.
Applied the method to resting-state fMRI data from 48 older adults to assess CSF flow at the foramen magnum.

Main Results:

Phantom validation showed high correlations for cardiac (r=0.94) and respiratory (r=0.97) frequencies, and moderate for low frequencies (r=0.58).
In older adults, median CSF stroke volumes were 0.77 mL (cardiac), 0.38 mL (respiratory), and 0.26 mL (low-frequency).
The cardiac cycle was identified as the dominant contributor to CSF motion at the foramen magnum.

Conclusions:

A novel spin-history modeling method allows quantitative CSF flow estimation from conventional fMRI data.
This approach simplifies the assessment of CSF flow dynamics, a key marker for brain clearance.
Cardiac-driven CSF motion is the primary component of flow at the foramen magnum.