Liquid-liquid phase separation as a tool to compartmentalize stimuli-responsive cargoes within protocell models

Area of Science:

• Biomimetic chemistry
• Protocell research
• Materials science

Background:

• Protocell models are crucial for understanding life's origins.
• Controlling internal organization and function within protocells remains a challenge.
• Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) offers a promising strategy for compartmentalization.

Purpose of the Study:

• To utilize LLPS for hierarchical organization within protocell models.
• To demonstrate tuneable functionalities through spatial segregation of components.
• To investigate AMF-induced heating for enhanced biochemical activity.

Main Methods:

• Formation of biphasic water-in-oil droplets using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran.
• Encapsulation of dextran-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in the dextran subphase.
• Encapsulation of complementary cargoes (e.g., enzymes, PEG-coated plasmonic nanoparticles) in the PEG subphase.
• Application of alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) for localized heating.

Main Results:

• Successful spatial segregation of PEG and dextran polymers within droplets.
• Preferential sequestration of magnetic nanoparticles within the dextran subphase.
• AMF-induced heating of the dextran subphase.
• Enhanced enzymatic activity due to AMF-induced heating to optimal temperatures.
• Co-encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles and enzymes within distinct subphases.

Conclusions:

• LLPS enables hierarchical organization and modularity in protocell models.
• This approach allows for spatially controlled, tuneable functionalities.
• AMF-responsive protocells can be engineered for enhanced biochemical processes.