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Updated: May 19, 2026

Field Collection and Laboratory Maintenance of Canopy-Forming Giant Kelp to Facilitate Restoration

Field Collection and Laboratory Maintenance of Canopy-Forming Giant Kelp to Facilitate Restoration

Published on: June 7, 2024

Adapting to sea level rise and storms.

Robert Mendelsohn¹, Jinge Li¹, Jonghyun Yoo^2,3

¹Yale School of the Environment, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.

Scientific Reports

|May 17, 2026

Summary

Coastal cities can minimize sea level rise (SLR) adaptation costs by strategically building seawalls in high-damage areas. Flood insurance manages risk aversion, guiding optimal protection strategies through 2180.

Keywords:

Adaptation Climate change Coastal protection Flooding Sea level rise Storms

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Area of Science:

Environmental science
Climate change adaptation
Coastal engineering

Background:

Sea level rise (SLR) necessitates coastal adaptation strategies for urban areas.
Rural coastlines face retreat, while cities require protective measures.
Optimizing the use of seawalls, flood insurance, and retreat is crucial for minimizing societal costs.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine dynamic coastal adaptation strategies in six US East Coast cities through 2180.
To determine optimal seawall design and placement to minimize total coastal flooding costs.
To assess the role of flood insurance in managing risk aversion.

Main Methods:

Dynamic coastal adaptation modeling.
Economic analysis of seawall costs versus residual flood damage.
Scenario planning for sea level rise impacts.

Main Results:

Seawalls are cost-effective only in areas with high expected damage per kilometer.
Optimal seawall height is approximately 1-2 meters.
Increased sea level rise accelerates the need for urban seawall construction.

Conclusions:

Strategic placement of seawalls is key for cost-effective coastal protection.
Flood insurance can mitigate risks associated with residual flood damage.
Future coastal adaptation will require more urban seawalls as sea level rise accelerates.