Synthesis, characterization, and seed priming effects of chitosan nanoparticles on mung bean

Addressing the environmental and agricultural impacts of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in the face of rapid global population growth requires sustainable alternatives. We investigate the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and their effects on mung bean through seed priming. The ionic gelation method was employed that involved the crosslinking of polycationic chitosan and polyanionic sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Characterization techniques including XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy, EDS (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), DLS (Dynamic light scattering), and SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) confirmed the successful synthesis of nanoparticles. SEM analysis indicated a mean particle size <200 nm, while DLS analysis revealed an average hydrodynamic size of 373.9 nm and a zeta potential of +40.1 mV. Seed priming with the CSNP particularly at the optimal concentration of 0.05% resulted in significant improvements in key physiological and biochemical parameters. Treated seeds showed increased germination percentage, reduced mean germination time, enhanced root and shoot length, and a higher seedling vigor index. Fresh and dry weights of seedlings, along with total protein content, were also elevated compared to the control. Chlorophyl content increased markedly, indicating enhanced photosynthetic potential. FT-IR analysis of primed seeds revealed higher peak functional group bands, suggesting increased biochemical activation and metabolic stimulation during early germination. Overall, this study demonstrates that low concentrations of CSNPs effectively promote seedling development and improve early plant vigor. CSNP-based seed priming presents a sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly strategy for enhancing mung bean productivity.