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Hand hygiene01:23

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Patch Testing in Chronic Hand Eczema: A Multicentre Study in Portugal.

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  • 1Dermatology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

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|May 18, 2026
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Summary

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a key cause of chronic hand eczema (CHE), with patch testing (PT) identifying common allergens like metals and preservatives. Specific allergens are more relevant in occupational versus atopic settings.

Keywords:
allergic contact dermatitisepidemiologyhand eczemapatch tests

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergology
  • Occupational Health

Background:

  • Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is a prevalent skin condition with diverse causes.
  • Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a significant etiological factor in CHE.
  • Patch testing (PT) is crucial for diagnosing ACD in CHE and informing management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To ascertain the prevalence of ACD among CHE patients.
  • To identify prevalent allergens responsible for ACD in CHE.
  • To differentiate allergen relevance in atopic versus occupational contexts.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter, retrospective observational study was performed.
  • Patch testing results from 1267 CHE patients (2021-2023) in Portuguese dermatology departments were analyzed.
  • Comparisons were made between atopic dermatitis (AD) and non-AD, and occupational and non-occupational groups.

Main Results:

  • 57% of CHE patients showed positive patch test reactions, with 41% being currently relevant.
  • Common allergens included metals, preservatives, fragrances, rubber constituents, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
  • Metals and benzisothiazolinone were more relevant in occupational settings, while methylisothiazolinone and Myroxylon pereirae were more relevant in the AD group.

Conclusions:

  • ACD is a primary cause of CHE, with a high sensitization rate observed.
  • Methylisothiazolinone and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate are emerging allergens.
  • Patch testing is vital for identifying occupational allergens in CHE patients.