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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:22

Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management

Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition of the myocardium requiring meticulous nursing management for optimal patient outcomes. Effective management begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's medical history, paying close attention to past infections, autoimmune disorders, travel history, and exposure to toxins or drugs. Recent viral infections and systemic diseases are particularly relevant due to their potential role in triggering myocarditis.Physical Examination and MonitoringThe...
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care01:28

Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care

IntroductionThe management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) aims to minimize myocardial damage, preserve myocardial function, and prevent complications.Initial ManagementInpatient management involves continuous cardiac monitoring, preferably in an ICU, focusing on blood pressure, serum sodium, potassium, and creatinine levels, and urine output. Ongoing pharmacologic management is crucial for stabilizing the patient.Supplemental Oxygen: Administer supplemental oxygen if oxygen saturation is...
Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration
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Published on: April 4, 2022

Current Challenges and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Acute Myocarditis.

Jae Yeong Cho1, Kye Hun Kim2

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea;.

Korean Circulation Journal
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Acute myocarditis is a complex heart inflammation with uncertain diagnosis and treatment. This review explores current evidence, emphasizing personalized medicine for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Fulminant myocarditisImmunomodulationMechanical circulatory supportMyocarditisPrecision medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Acute myocarditis presents heterogeneously, from chest pain to cardiogenic shock.
  • Diagnosis, etiology, and optimal treatments for acute myocarditis remain challenging.
  • Current management primarily involves supportive care due to limited evidence for immunomodulatory therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on acute myocarditis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • To highlight the distinction between virus-positive and virus-negative myocarditis.
  • To discuss emerging therapies and future directions in precision immunocardiology.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of contemporary evidence on acute myocarditis.
  • Discussion of established and emerging therapeutic strategies.
  • Review of diagnostic challenges and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • Acute myocarditis management is evolving, with limited evidence for immunomodulatory therapies in most cases.
  • Distinguishing between virus-positive and virus-negative myocarditis is crucial for treatment.
  • COVID-19 vaccination-related myocarditis exemplifies immune-triggered, often virus-negative disease with variable prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Precision immunocardiology, integrating advanced diagnostics and AI, is key for individualized acute myocarditis therapy.
  • Moving beyond empirical management to mechanism-driven interventions is essential.
  • Improved outcomes in acute myocarditis depend on advancing personalized treatment strategies.