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Clade II SHAGGY-like kinases regulate fruit shape in tomato by modulating SlMAP65-1 stability.

Rong Huang1, Guo Ai1, Chunrui Chen1

  • 1National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Tomato fruit shape is regulated by SHAGGY-like kinases (SKs). Clade II SlSKs negatively control fruit shape by affecting cell expansion and division, interacting with SlMAP65-1 to influence tomato morphology.

Keywords:
SlMAP65‐1SlSK2sfruit shapephosphorylationstabilitytomato

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Fruit shape is a critical trait in tomato breeding, impacting agricultural efficiency and market value.
  • Existing knowledge of genes regulating tomato fruit shape is incomplete, necessitating further investigation into regulatory networks.
  • SHAGGY-like kinases (SKs)/Glycogen synthase kinase3 (GSK3) are conserved regulators of plant development, but their specific roles in tomato fruit development require elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the function of the tomato SHAGGY-like kinases (SlSKs) family in fruit development.
  • To identify the specific SlSK members and their regulatory mechanisms controlling tomato fruit shape.
  • To elucidate the molecular interactions and pathways involved in SlSK-mediated fruit morphology control.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create higher-order mutants of all nine SlSK family members in tomato.
  • Conducted phenotypic screening of generated mutants to identify alterations in fruit shape.
  • Employed proteomics to identify interacting proteins and performed in planta interaction and phosphorylation assays to confirm molecular mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Mutations in SlSKs clade II members (SlSK21/SlSK22/SlSK23) resulted in altered tomato fruit shape, indicating their redundant function as negative regulators.
  • SlSK2s control fruit shape by regulating cell expansion in the columella and cell division in the ovary wall during ovary development.
  • Proteomics identified SlMAP65-1 as a key protein affected in slsk2s mutants, with SlSK23 directly phosphorylating SlMAP65-1 to enhance its stability.

Conclusions:

  • Tomato SHAGGY-like kinases, particularly SlSKs clade II, play a crucial, redundant role in negatively regulating fruit shape.
  • The SlSKs-SlMAP65-1 interaction and SlMAP65-1 phosphorylation by SlSK23 represent a novel molecular mechanism controlling tomato fruit morphology.
  • This study provides significant insights into the genetic and molecular basis of tomato fruit shape, offering potential targets for breeding improved varieties.