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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.

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Updated: May 19, 2026

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
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Published on: May 26, 2023

Modulating Cardiac-Gut Microbiome Interaction Post-Myocardial Infarction with Engineered Bacteria.

Tushar Madaan, Michelle L Nieman, Tushar Rakheja

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |May 18, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Myocardial infarction (MI) compromises gut integrity, allowing gut bacteria to enter the heart. Engineered bacteria delivering anti-inflammatory molecules improved survival and cardiac function in MI mice.

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    10:51

    Co-culture of Living Microbiome with Microengineered Human Intestinal Villi in a Gut-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device

    Published on: August 30, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular Research
    • Microbiome Research
    • Gastroenterology

    Background:

    • The gut microbiome is crucial in acute myocardial infarction (MI) pathophysiology.
    • MI compromises intestinal integrity, leading to systemic leakage of bacterial products.
    • A novel heart-gut axis involves gut bacteria translocating to the MI heart.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of MI on gut integrity and bacterial translocation.
    • To explore the therapeutic potential of engineered gut bacteria in MI.
    • To elucidate the role of the heart-gut axis in MI recovery.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a murine model of acute myocardial infarction.
    • Administered orally E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) as a tracer bacterium.
    • Engineered EcN to express a microbial anti-inflammatory molecule (MAM) from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.

    Main Results:

    • MI led to compromised gut integrity and systemic leakage of bacterial products.
    • Live gut bacteria were found translocated and colonized in the MI heart.
    • Treatment with engineered EcN-MAM improved survival and cardiac function in MI mice.
    • EcN-MAM enhanced gut barrier integrity, reducing systemic bacterial permeation and inflammation.

    Conclusions:

    • MI induces a novel heart-gut axis involving bacterial translocation to the heart.
    • Engineered microbiome-based therapies show promise for MI management.
    • Targeting the heart-gut axis may offer new therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.