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Related Concept Videos

Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures
10:38

Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures

Published on: May 9, 2020

Gut Commensals Regulate the Intestinal Kynurenine Pathway.

Ana Djukovic, Chen Liao, Andras Bimbo-Szuhai

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |May 18, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    The gut microbiota regulates the kynurenine pathway (KP) in the intestine. Microbiota composition impacts indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression via vitamin E absorption.

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    Published on: August 19, 2018

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    Last Updated: May 19, 2026

    Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures
    10:38

    Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures

    Published on: May 9, 2020

    A High-performance Liquid Chromatography Measurement of Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid: Relating Biochemistry to Cognition and Sleep in Rats
    07:04

    A High-performance Liquid Chromatography Measurement of Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid: Relating Biochemistry to Cognition and Sleep in Rats

    Published on: August 19, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Microbiology
    • Metabolism

    Background:

    • The kynurenine pathway (KP) is crucial for immunity and linked to various diseases.
    • The gut microbiota's role in intestinal KP regulation is not well understood.
    • Inflammation influences KP, but local intestinal regulation may involve other factors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the influence of gut microbiota on the intestinal kynurenine pathway.
    • To identify mechanisms by which microbiota regulates KP activity in the colon.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio in hematopoietic cell transplant patients.
    • Microbiota perturbation and restoration in mice models.
    • Computational analysis of microbial associations with IDO1 expression.
    • In vitro experiments on vitamin E and IDO1 regulation.

    Main Results:

    • Intestinal KP regulation in patients was not solely explained by inflammation.
    • Microbiota perturbation decreased intestinal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression in mice.
    • Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae were associated with colonic IDO1.
    • Microbiota affects IDO1 via altered absorption of γ-tocotrienol (a vitamin E form).

    Conclusions:

    • Gut microbiota plays a significant role in controlling the colonic kynurenine pathway.
    • Microbiota regulates KP through modulation of micronutrient absorption, specifically vitamin E.
    • This highlights a novel link between gut microbes, host metabolism, and immune regulation.