Coincident epithelial signals restrain commensal-specific CD8αβ⁺ T cells in the intestine

The intestinal epithelium harbors a large population of microbiota-dependent CD8αβ⁺ T cells whose antigen specificity and regulation are ill-defined. By identifying MHCIa-restricted TCRs and generating tetramers against the gut commensal Segmented Filamentous Bacteria, we demonstrate that a single commensal species drives a clonally expanded, antigen-specific CD8αβ⁺ T cell within the intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment. Mechanistically, the intestinal epithelium coordinates coincident signals governing this population: peptide:MHC-dependent TCR engagement drives pIEL accumulation, while αvβ6-mediated TGFβ activation restraints effector cell differentiation. Perturbation of epithelial cell-mediated TGFβ activation diverts commensal-specific CD8⁺ T cells toward inflammatory differentiation states transcriptionally convergent with those observed in ulcerative colitis. The intestinal epithelium thus functions as a dual-signal organizer of commensal-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses, coupling differentiation to restraint through spatially coincident molecular cues.