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Anatomically constrained volumetric smoothing enhances fMRI reliability while avoiding smoothing artifacts.

David G Ellis¹, Michele R Aizenberg¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.

Frontiers in Neuroimaging

|May 18, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Unconstrained smoothing in fMRI increases white matter activation and biases connectivity metrics. Anatomically constrained smoothing offers a potential alternative, reducing artifacts while maintaining reliability for fMRI analysis.

Keywords:

anatomically constrained smoothing fMRI functional connectivity spatial smoothing task activation volumetric smoothing artifacts

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Area of Science:

Neuroimaging
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) analysis

Background:

Smoothing fMRI data enhances sensitivity but can introduce spatial artifacts.
Unconstrained smoothing may compromise spatial specificity in fMRI analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effects of unconstrained Gaussian smoothing versus anatomically constrained smoothing on fMRI data.
To evaluate the impact of smoothing methods on the reliability and accuracy of task-based and resting-state fMRI.

Main Methods:

Applied unconstrained Gaussian smoothing and anatomically constrained smoothing to simulated, task fMRI, and resting-state datasets.
Assessed smoothing-related artifacts and measured effects on reliability and accuracy.

Main Results:

Unconstrained smoothing decreased accuracy and increased white matter activation in simulated and task fMRI data.
Both methods improved reliability, but Gaussian smoothing led to more white matter activation and reduced motor mapping accuracy.
Both smoothing types biased resting-state connectivity and graph theory metrics.

Conclusions:

Unconstrained Gaussian smoothing spreads activation across cortical boundaries, increasing white matter activation and biasing connectivity metrics.
Anatomically constrained smoothing mitigates some artifacts, enhances reliability, and is a viable alternative to unconstrained smoothing.