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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the subthalamic...
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

Synaptic Inhibition in the Accessory Olfactory Bulb Regulates Pheromone Location Learning and Memory.

Shruti D Marathe1, Sanyukta Pandey1, Devesh Rawat1

  • 1Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB) Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune Maharashtra India.

FASEB Bioadvances
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rodent pheromone location memory relies on ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and synaptic inhibition in olfactory bulbs. Disrupting these pathways impairs learning and memory consolidation.

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In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Published on: August 18, 2014

In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster
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In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: October 8, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research
  • Behavioral Neuroscience

Background:

  • Pheromone signaling is crucial for rodent social and reproductive behaviors.
  • Olfactory subsystems are involved in learning and remembering pheromone locations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying pheromone location learning and memory.
  • To determine the role of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and synaptic inhibition in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized heterozygous knockouts of GluA2 (AMPAR subunit) and NR1 (NMDAR subunit) targeting GAD65 interneurons.
  • Employed a pheromone location learning assay with early and late recall periods.
  • Investigated the involvement of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs (MOB and AOB) by knocking out GluA2 and NR1 via stereotaxic injection of AAV5 viral particles.

Main Results:

  • Impaired memory of pheromone locations was observed in knockout mice.
  • Changes in activity-regulated cytoskeletal (Arc) protein expression correlated with memory deficits.
  • Perturbing inhibitory circuits in MOB and/or AOB led to pheromone location memory deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and synaptic inhibition are critical for pheromone location learning and memory.
  • The interneuron network of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) plays a significant role in regulating this behavior.