Recent epidemiological and management approaches for cholera in India

Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a substantial public health concern in India, owing to the country's dense population, varying socioeconomic situations, and chronic sanitation gaps. Despite advancements in healthcare infrastructure, recurring epidemics are widespread, particularly in congested metropolitan areas and underdeveloped rural regions. Natural calamities and climatic variability contribute to increased transmission risks.

This study synthesized current evidence on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management of cholera in India. It also reviewed national strategies and public health interventions implemented by the government of India in collaboration with national and international partners. Emphasis was placed on immunization efforts, surveillance mechanisms, case management practices, and community-based prevention programs.

The cholera epidemics in India are significantly linked to poor sanitation, restricted access to safe drinking water, and insufficient healthcare resources. Targeted vaccination initiatives in high-risk regions, along with prompt provision of oral rehydration treatment, have helped to enhance case management and lower mortality. Improved surveillance systems have resulted in earlier discovery and reaction. Community-based health education projects have also been essential in improving hygiene practices and lowering illness transmission.

Cholera remains a persistent public health concern in India, driven by environmental, social, and infrastructural challenges. Sustained efforts integrating vaccination, early case management, robust surveillance, and community-level education are essential for long-term control. Strengthening these interventions, particularly in vulnerable regions, is crucial to reducing the burden of cholera and preventing future outbreaks.