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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

B-cell peripheral tolerance: think dynamics beyond affinity.

Patrick Henong Yuan1,2, Helen Huang1,3,4, Haripriya Vaidehi Narayanan1,4

  • 1Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maintaining B-cell tolerance is a lifelong challenge due to B-cell receptor mutation. New research suggests B-cell tolerance in germinal centers relies on signaling dynamics over time, not just affinity, offering insights into autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:
AICDAge-associated B cellsB1-8hi splenic B cellsB1-8loanergic T cellsantigen captureantigen receptorautoimmune pathologies

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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

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In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients
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In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

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In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients
18:48

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Published on: August 12, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Systems Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • B-cell tolerance eliminates self-reactive B-cells, a continuous challenge due to B-cell receptor (BCR) mutation during immune responses.
  • Unlike T-cell tolerance in the thymus, B-cell tolerance mechanisms operate locally within germinal centers (GCs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new conceptual paradigm for B-cell tolerance.
  • To highlight the importance of temporal dynamics in B-cell selection within GCs.
  • To explore the role of intracellular and intercellular network dynamics in B-cell tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research on B-cell tolerance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of intra- and inter-cellular signaling dynamics in the light zone.
  • Examination of iterative light-dark-zone cycling and its impact on B-cell selection.

Main Results:

  • B-cell tolerance in GCs depends on the temporal relationship between BCR and CD40 signaling.
  • Mechanisms operate across different timescales, involving signaling and light-dark-zone cycling.
  • Understanding network dynamics is crucial for B-cell selection.

Conclusions:

  • A new paradigm for B-cell tolerance emphasizes multi-scale dynamical systems.
  • Multi-scale modeling is key to understanding B-cell selection and predicting autoimmune pathologies.
  • Temporal dynamics of signaling networks are central to maintaining B-cell tolerance.