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Development and Testing of a Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Device for Pilots.

Yishai Valter^1,2, William Diapis¹, Bhaskar Mukherjee¹

¹Research and Development, Soterix Medical, Woodbridge, NJ 07095, United States.

Military Medicine

|May 18, 2026

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A new wrist-worn device using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) offers a usable solution for pilot neck and back pain. Testing showed high suitability and minimal restrictions, indicating potential for in-flight pain management.

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Aerospace Medicine
Human Factors Engineering

Background:

Neck and back pain are prevalent issues for long-haul pilots, causing significant personal and operational burdens.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is an effective pain management modality, but existing devices are not suitable for use during flight.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate an innovative, wrist-worn TENS device designed for operation by pilots through flight suits.
To assess the device's impact on pilot range of motion (ROM) and usability in simulated flight and driving scenarios.

Main Methods:

A patented wrist-worn TENS device with tactile controls was developed.
Range of motion (ROM) was assessed in 26 participants across multiple simulator platforms (L-39, Mi-2, B-737).

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Long-duration (5-hour) simulator sorties and a 6-hour driving test were conducted, with usability evaluated via the System Usability Scale (SUS).

Main Results:

High percentages of unrestricted ROM were achieved (96.74% standing, 93.33% seated).
Minor ROM restrictions were identified, primarily due to cord length and device size, with root causes noted for future design improvements.
The device achieved a high mean SUS score of 86.63, indicating excellent usability. Driving tests showed only one inaccurate activation in 100 trials.

Conclusions:

The wrist-worn TENS device demonstrates high suitability and usability for pilots and drivers in operational contexts.
Identified design limitations are addressable in future iterations.
Further research should focus on evaluating the device's ergonomics during actual flight operations.