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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

Polyol-based deep eutectic solvents: betaine versus choline chloride.

Gabriel Teixeira¹, Dinis O Abranches¹, Gangqiang Yu^2,3

¹CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP

|May 18, 2026

Summary

Betaine shows potential as a choline chloride substitute in polyol-based deep eutectic solvents (DES). However, betaine-polyol mixtures offer a narrower liquid phase window for room-temperature applications compared to choline chloride systems.

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Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Materials Science
Thermodynamics

Background:

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are tunable solvent systems with diverse applications.
Choline chloride is a common hydrogen bond acceptor in polyol-based DES.
Investigating alternative hydrogen bond acceptors is crucial for expanding DES applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate betaine as a potential substitute for choline chloride in polyol-based DES.
To determine the solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) phase diagrams of betaine-polyol mixtures.
To compare the phase behavior and properties of betaine-based DES with those of choline chloride-based DES.

Main Methods:

Experimental measurement of solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) phase diagrams for binary mixtures of betaine with various polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, meso-erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol).
Utilizing the COSMO-RS thermodynamic model to predict phase behavior and deviations from ideality.
Analysis of thermal degradation, boiling points, and viscosity limitations during experimental measurements.

Main Results:

Betaine exhibited negative deviations from ideality in mixtures with polyols, while polyols showed near-ideal behavior.
COSMO-RS successfully predicted the observed deviations and phase behavior.
Betaine-polyol mixtures resulted in a narrower liquid-phase window compared to choline chloride systems.
Stronger interactions between betaine and polyols than with choline chloride were inferred, leading to more negative deviations.

Conclusions:

Betaine can form polyol-based DES, but with limitations in the liquid-phase window for room-temperature applications.
The thermodynamic model COSMO-RS is a reliable tool for predicting the phase behavior of these systems.
The observed differences in phase behavior are attributed to the distinct interaction strengths and enthalpies of fusion between betaine and polyols compared to choline chloride.