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Related Concept Videos

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes
09:27

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Published on: January 19, 2024

How is free time used in complex span tasks?

Eda Mizrak1, Klaus Oberauer1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Zurich.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Providing more time between encoding items in working memory offers a proactive benefit, enhancing future encoding rather than retroactively improving past items. This finding shifts our understanding of cognitive load and time effects.

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Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes
09:27

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Published on: January 19, 2024

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Working memory performance is influenced by cognitive load from secondary tasks.
  • Time between encoding is theorized to support maintenance processes like rehearsal.
  • Existing models predict retroactive benefits of time, assuming maintenance of previously encoded items.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether additional free time between encoding provides a proactive or retroactive benefit in working memory.
  • To differentiate between maintenance and encoding resource accounts of time effects in complex span tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a modified complex span task across four experiments.
  • Manipulated the amount of free time between encoding items.
  • Assessed the impact of secondary task cognitive load and free time on working memory performance.

Main Results:

  • The secondary task imposed a retroactive detriment on working memory performance.
  • Additional free time consistently provided a proactive benefit, improving subsequent item encoding.
  • Findings support the encoding resource account over maintenance-based explanations.

Conclusions:

  • The benefit of free time in working memory is primarily proactive, replenishing encoding resources.
  • This challenges traditional views that time is solely for retroactive maintenance.
  • Suggests a revised understanding of how cognitive load and time interact within working memory systems.