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An Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Instructor
Nimit Desai1,2, Noor Majhail3,4, Mark Dredze5
1University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla.
JAMA Internal Medicine
|May 18, 2026
Summary
Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promise for improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instruction during out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs). A purpose-built AI agent achieved perfect adherence to CPR guidelines, outperforming human dispatchers in simulated scenarios.
Area of Science:
- Emergency Medicine
- Artificial Intelligence
- Public Health
Background:
- High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critical for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival.
- Bystander assistance is crucial, but current telecommunicator-CPR (T-CPR) systems have limitations.
- AI offers a potential solution to enhance CPR instruction consistency and timeliness.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the CPR instruction capabilities of existing AI models.
- To develop and evaluate a specialized AI CPR instructor agent, ChatCPR.
- To compare AI instruction performance against T-CPR by 911 dispatchers.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional study evaluating 6 AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Grok, Llama, Mistral) on simulated OHCA scenarios.
- Models assessed for adherence to minimally viable and maximally effective CPR criteria.
- A purpose-built AI agent (ChatCPR) developed and tested via retest and simulated 911 calls.
Main Results:
- Widely available AI models achieved 89.7% adherence to minimally viable and 69.8% to maximally effective CPR criteria.
- The ChatCPR agent achieved 100% adherence to both criteria in simulated scenarios and 911 calls.
- ChatCPR demonstrated significant improvements over 911 dispatchers in CPR instruction quality.
Conclusions:
- AI-enabled CPR instruction shows significant potential to support bystanders during OHCAs.
- A purpose-built AI agent can provide guideline-concordant CPR instructions effectively.
- Further validation is needed to establish AI-based CPR instruction as a scalable public health intervention.
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