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Related Concept Videos

Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock01:24

Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock

Disorders affecting blood volume, vascular tone, or vascular function can disrupt vascular homeostasis, including conditions like hypertension, hemorrhage, and shock.
Blood Pressure: Hypertension and Hypotension
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is 120-129/under 80 mm Hg. Hypertension, warranting treatment at 130/80 mm Hg, is often asymptomatic and can lead to severe cardiovascular events, aneurysms, peripheral arterial disease, chronic renal disease, or cardiac...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Utilizing Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock
06:10

Utilizing Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

Published on: June 12, 2021

Cardiogenic Shock: Outcome Patterns Across the Body Mass Spectrum and Renal Vulnerability.

Priyanka Boettger, Vincent Groesser, Karolis Macius

    Cardiology
    |May 18, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Higher body mass index (BMI) increases acute kidney injury risk in cardiogenic shock. Overweight patients had lower mortality, but obesity showed no independent effect, suggesting a complex BMI-AKI-mortality relationship.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 20, 2026

    Utilizing Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock
    06:10

    Utilizing Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

    Published on: June 12, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Nephrology
    • Clinical Research

    Background:

    • The association between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes in infarction-related cardiogenic shock (CS) is not well-defined.
    • Investigating BMI's impact on acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality in CS is crucial for patient management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the relationship between BMI and renal outcomes, specifically AKI and need for renal replacement therapy (RRT).
    • To assess the association between BMI and short-term clinical outcomes, including in-hospital mortality, in patients with infarction-related CS.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective cohort study of 369 patients with infarction-related CS.
    • BMI analyzed continuously and categorically (WHO classifications).
    • Primary outcomes: AKI within 96 hours and in-hospital mortality; Secondary outcome: RRT. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic splines used for analysis.

    Main Results:

    • 42.8% of patients developed AKI.
    • Higher BMI (continuous) was associated with increased AKI risk (aOR 1.34 per 5 kg/m²).
    • Overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m²) linked to lower mortality (aOR 0.66), while obesity showed no independent mortality association. U-shaped relationship observed for BMI with AKI and mortality.

    Conclusions:

    • BMI is significantly associated with both renal outcomes and in-hospital mortality in infarction-related CS.
    • Elevated BMI correlates with greater renal vulnerability, while being overweight may confer a survival benefit.
    • Findings highlight a complex, potentially nonlinear relationship between BMI and outcomes in CS, requiring cautious interpretation due to study design.