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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
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Suboptimal Neural Drive for Muscle Output During Exertional Hyperthermia: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Naomi Michiko1,2, Sharifah Badriyah Alhadad1,2,3, Xiang Ren Tan1,3

  • 1Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Exertional hyperthermia requires greater brain activation for muscle output, indicating central fatigue. Facial cooling did not prevent these heat-induced neural deficits during intense exercise.

Keywords:
CENTRAL FATIGUECEREBRAL OXYGENATIONEXERCISEEXERTIONAL HEAT STRESSMOTOR CORTEX

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Published on: December 5, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Environmental Physiology

Background:

  • Exertional hyperthermia impairs endurance performance by affecting the central nervous system.
  • Understanding neural perturbations during heat stress is crucial for developing mitigation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neural drive and muscle activation during exercise in temperate versus warm conditions.
  • To assess the impact of isolated facial fan cooling on heat-induced neural deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Fifteen males performed treadmill walking in cool, warm, and warm with facial cooling conditions until exhaustion.
  • Muscle activation was measured using electromyography (EMG).
  • Cortical activation was monitored using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).

Main Results:

  • Higher cortical activation (Δ[Hbdiff]/EMG) was needed for maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) in warm versus cool conditions.
  • Reduced muscle activation occurred in warm conditions.
  • Facial cooling did not alleviate heat-induced neural deficits during MVC.

Conclusions:

  • Increased cortical drive is necessary to maintain muscle activation in heat, suggesting impaired neural output.
  • These findings may explain central fatigue during exertional hyperthermia.
  • fNIRS markers show potential for early detection of heat-induced deficits and enhancing exercise safety.