The ternary nanocomposite g-C₃N₄/TiO₂@polyaniline embedded in PVDF based triboelectric nanogenerator for energy...

We report a materials-engineering strategy to enhance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) output by embedding a ternary g-C₃N₄/TiO₂@polyaniline (GTP) nanocomposite into PVDF tribopositive electrodes and pairing them with PTFE tribonegative layers of systematically varied composition from 30 to 60 wt%). XPS, TEM, FESEM/EDX, UV-Vis, and DSC confirm that TiO₂ nanoparticles are well distributed on g-C₃N₄ nanosheets and interconnected through a conducting PANI network, with evidence of interfacial Ti-O-C/Ti-N bonding, Ti³⁺ associated defect states, and band-tail absorption (Urbach energy, E_U = 0.31 eV), indicating localized electronic states that support charge storage/transfer." In vertical contact-separation mode, the devices exhibit a composition-dependent trade-off: the 30 wt% PTFE configuration delivers the highest short-circuit current (Isc = 2.86 μA) and peak power (P_max = 10.3 μW), whereas the 60 wt% PTFE device yields the maximum open-circuit voltage (Voc = 4.56 V). These results demonstrate that voltage-current characteristics can be tuned through interfacial state engineering and controlled adjustment of the tribonegative layer composition. To confirm repeatability and stability under manual tapping, the best-performing 30 wt% and 60 wt% devices has been validated using an automated cycle-resolved statistical analysis.