Simulation and performance analysis of nanostructure-based perovskite solar cells for improving their efficiency

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer high efficiency potential; however, their optical absorption is limited by the thin absorber layers required for efficient charge transport. Enhancing light harvesting without degrading electrical performance remains a key challenge for high-efficiency PSCs.In this study, four perovskite-based device architectures are systematically designed and numerically investigated to improve absorption through plasmonic light trapping, interfacial engineering, and tandem integration. Optical properties are analyzed using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, while electrical performance is evaluated via coupled finite-element drift-diffusion modeling under standard AM1.5G illumination.The studied configurations include a reference planar structure, a plasmonic design with hemispherical Ag nanostructures, a graphene-InP Schottky-based hybrid architecture, and a perovskite-InP tandem device. The plasmonic structure enhances long-wavelength absorption, increasing power conversion efficiency from 16.1% to 18.9% despite reduced absorber thickness. Incorporation of a graphene-InP interface further improves charge extraction, achieving an efficiency of approximately 24.8%. The tandem configuration provides the broadest spectral utilization, delivering a simulated efficiency of up to 32% through complementary absorption and voltage addition.These results demonstrate the importance of combined optical-electrical optimization and provide design guidelines for developing high-efficiency thin-film perovskite solar cells.