Advanced biomimetic nanomedicines for cell-based therapeutics: prospects and challenges

Advanced biomimetic nanomedicines offer cell-based therapeutics to mimic biological behaviors for improved targeting, immune evasion, and integration with living cells. This review critically examines recent innovations in biomimetic nanocarriers especially leveraging from cell membranes, membrane proteins, or native cellular structures to support cell therapies. These systems aid in prolonging circulation, reducing immunogenicity, and directing therapeutic cells to disease sites. Membrane-coated nanoparticles, metal-phenolic network-based nanovaccines, and stem-cell-membrane-coated carriers have therapeutic potential but challenges of manufacturing, scalability, quality control, in vivo stability, and regulatory barriers are present. To overcome these challenges, substituted hybrid membrane formulations, bio-responsive release mechanisms, and modular design are adopted. This review aims to guide future research toward clinical viable biomimetic nanomedicines for cell-based therapies.