Nickel-based Enzymes and Compounds: Antimicrobial Potential, Biomedical Applications, and Toxicity Risks

Nickel-dependent enzymes are a class of metalloenzymes that require nickel as a key component for their biological activity. These enzymes are essential for various biochemical processes in certain organisms, particularly bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotes. To date, nine nickel- dependent enzymes involved in both redox and non-redox reactions have been characterized. By targeting these enzymes, researchers aim to develop innovative strategies to combat bacterial infections and reduce reliance on conventional antibiotics. Hydrogenases and urease are two key enzymes that show promise in addressing antibiotic-resistant bacteria, due to their crucial roles in microbial metabolism and survival. In this context, synthetic nickel-containing nanoparticles, complexes, and metal-organic frameworks demonstrate promising antibacterial properties by releasing nickel ions that disrupt bacterial membranes and metabolism, leading to cell death through oxidative stress and ROS formation. This review systematically compiles and analyses current literature on nickel-based compounds, focusing on their enzymatic roles, biological functions, antimicrobial mechanisms, medical and dental applications, and associated toxicities. In clinical applications, nickel-based alloys are valued for their strength and biocompatibility but may also cause allergic reactions and oxidative damage. Monitoring nickel release and developing nickel-free or lowrelease alternatives is essential for sensitive individuals. Nickel compounds present a dual threat to human health, as they are required in trace amounts but are harmful in larger quantities. Nickel deficiency can impair the development and function of enzymes, while excessive exposure increases the risk of oxidative stress, intestinal damage, and cancer.