Investigating the Role of Probiotics in Modulating T Cells and the Immune Response: A Systematic Review

Probiotics exhibit immunomodulatory properties and actively interact with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Specific bacterial strains can induce distinct cytokine profiles that influence T-cell polarization. The therapeutic potential of probiotics in autoimmune diseases has received significant interest. This review examines the impact of diverse probiotic species and strains on DC function and T-cell polarization. Evidence suggests that probiotics can modulate host immunity by interacting with DCs, promoting regulatory T cells (Tregs), and potentially reducing other T helper (Th) cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17). T cells play a crucial role in regulating the immune response to probiotics. They process and present antigens and activate Tregs and effector T cells. Effector T cells can promote or induce tolerance for gut microbiota composition and maintain gut health and immune function. The precise effects of probiotics on Th cells and immunoregulation, the detailed mode of action of Th cells, and the immune response against probiotics remain incompletely understood. The underlying mechanisms of these interactions require further elucidation, and this review addresses this knowledge gap. The Th cell-probiotic interplay offers a promising opportunity for developing novel therapeutic strategies to modulate the autoimmune response. A comprehensive understanding of the immunomodulatory potential of probiotics in human immune-mediated disorders could lead to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches, potentially offering an alternative to conventional immunosuppressive medications.