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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and 'exit' via the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice
03:25

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice

Published on: February 24, 2023

Workshop on Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring 2025.

Jeon Woong Kang1, James Causey2, Devin Steenkamp3

  • 1Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This workshop explored noninvasive glucose monitoring technologies, including Near-Infrared (NIR) and photoacoustic spectroscopy. Experts discussed current advancements and clinical impact for diabetes management.

Keywords:
accuracyblood glucoseblood glucose metercontinuous glucose monitoringnoninvasive glucose monitoringself-monitoring of blood glucose

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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is crucial for diabetes management.
  • Current CGM devices are invasive, posing challenges for patients.
  • Advancements in noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) technologies are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of noninvasive glucose monitoring technologies.
  • To discuss the clinical impact and regulatory considerations of NIGM.
  • To foster collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and industry.

Main Methods:

  • A workshop format with invited speakers and poster presentations.
  • Presentations covered NIGM technologies like Near-Infrared (NIR), photoacoustic, photothermal, and Raman spectroscopies.
  • Discussions included clinical perspectives and regulatory affairs.

Main Results:

  • An overview of existing and emerging NIGM technologies was presented.
  • The state-of-the-art in spectroscopic methods for glucose monitoring was detailed.
  • Clinicians shared insights on the impact of current CGM devices and future needs.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in noninvasive glucose monitoring technologies.
  • Further research and development are needed to bring these technologies to clinical practice.
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for advancing NIGM for improved diabetes care.