Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 20, 2026
An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
Published on: December 5, 2025
Evolution of Reconstructive Microsurgery: 5,113 Free Flaps, One Surgeon, Four Decades
Steven J Lo1,2, Fu Chan Wei3,4
1Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Methods:
Time-trend analysis of 5,113 consecutive free flaps (1981-2023) from a single surgeon at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, using segmented regression and joinpoint modelling.
Results:
5,113 free flaps included 1,927 ALT, 946 fibula, 1,010 toe transfers, 469 radial, 232 latissimus dorsi and 67 gracilis.
Innovations:
ALT introduction was associated with explosive growth (+ 21 flaps/year; p=.003, 1996 to 1999) and rapid substitution of competing soft tissue flaps, with declines in LD, gracilis, and radial forearm. Fibula showed a much slower uptake, with joinpoint models showing moderate growth (+ 2.13 flaps/year; P<.001) until repurposing for mandible reconstruction in 1989. This subsequently correlated with increased site-specific use and tracking of oral cancer incidence (incidence rate ratio = 1.05, p <0.001).
Legislation:
Toe transfers declined after national Safety Legislation in 1991, with a 4-year lag (-33.7, P<.001).
Conclusions:
Microsurgical practice evolves through both technical advances and external forces such as health policy. The contrasting trajectories of the ALT and fibula flaps highlight how innovations reshape reconstructive practice differently. External drivers such as legislation can impact on microsurgical need such as toe transfers. Together these underscore the need for long-range horizons in surgical planning, and the need for intepreting time-trends alongside epidemiological shifts and health policy.
