Omics in heat stress in poultry: implications for immune responses, proteomic changes, and nutritional strategies

Heat stress (HS) presents a substantial environmental challenge to the efficiency and sustainability of poultry production. It induces oxidative stress, which can lead to immune dysregulation, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, HS may compromise genomic integrity by altering the transcriptomic profile of poultry. In the post-genomic era, examining protein expressions through various omics tools offers valuable insights into the effects of HS on poultry physiology. Proteomics is defined as the large-scale study of proteins, encompassing their identification, localization, and interactions, which enhances our understanding of biological activity. Proteomic profiles from various studies indicate that proteins differentially expressed in response to HS are primarily involved in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune/inflammatory pathways, resulting in metabolic dysfunction. This suggests that avian organs activate antioxidant responses and energy mechanisms to counteract HS. Recent advancements in proteomic methods have facilitated the discovery of new protein stress biomarkers, providing powerful tools for developing innovative strategies to mitigate HS. Additionally, this review discusses the use of nutritional interventions aimed at proteomics as strategies for mitigating HS, focusing on optimizing the heat resistance of broilers. By integrating omics data, it aims to elucidate the complex molecular mechanisms governing the HS response in poultry and identify potential targets for effective mitigation strategies, including national approaches for proteomic modification.