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Related Concept Videos

Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies.
Surveys02:16

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah
04:43

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

Published on: June 24, 2025

COVID-19 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices and Perceived Risk: Cross-Sectional Mixed Methods Study.

Aliza Bitton Ben-Zacharia1, Moshe Ben-Zacharia2, Jennifer Smrtka

  • 1Department of Nursing, Hunter College Bellevue School of Nursing, 60 West Street, New York, NY, 10006, United States, 646-226-2616.

JMIR Formative Research
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthcare providers perceived higher COVID-19 risk than laypeople, influencing preventive behaviors. Tailored risk communication is crucial for future public health emergencies.

Keywords:
COVID-19attitudesknowledgepercieved riskpractices

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah
04:43

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

Published on: June 24, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Psychology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic presented challenges due to inconsistent public health messaging, leading to confusion about preventive behaviors.
  • Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) frameworks help understand how education, beliefs, and context influence health behaviors during emergencies.
  • Vulnerable groups, like multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, may have heightened risk perception, affecting their responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate COVID-19-related knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived risk among MS patients, healthcare providers, and laypeople.
  • To explore quantitative factors linked to KAP and perceived risk.
  • To qualitatively describe participants' pandemic-related perceptions and emotional responses.

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive, cross-sectional, mixed-methods study design.
  • Online surveys collected demographic data and COVID-19 KAP/perceived risk information.
  • Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics; qualitative comments underwent thematic analysis.

Main Results:

  • 148 participants (43 MS patients, 50 HCPs, 55 laypeople) were included. 90% had basic COVID-19 knowledge.
  • MS patients and HCPs reported higher perceived risk compared to laypeople (P=.049).
  • Higher perceived risk correlated with avoiding crowded places; qualitative themes included uncertainty, anxiety, fear, vulnerability, and accountability.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 knowledge correlates with positive attitudes and preventive practices.
  • Tailoring risk communication is essential due to varying perceived risks across populations.
  • KAP interventions addressing uncertainty and emotions can improve preparedness for future health crises.