Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
Isochoric and Isobaric Processes01:21

Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or removed from the system is partially utilized to perform work and change the internal energy of the system. However, in an isochoric process, the volume remains constant. Hence, the work done by the system is zero. Therefore, the exchange of heat changes the internal energy of the system only. 
Suppose 1000 g of water is heated from 40 degrees...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Investigating moist dynamics on sub-seasonal scales in the IMDAA reanalysis.

The Science of the total environment·2026
Same author

Role of Astrocytic and Microglial Phenotype in the Biology of Hippocampal Sclerosis.

Neuropathology and applied neurobiology·2025
Same author

Physics of North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Developing an optimized parameterization scheme for deriving a lightning threat product from a global model for all seasons over India.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Investigation of in-vivo GABA<sup>+</sup> and Glutamate levels in patients with drug resistant unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy using MEGA-PRESS and correlates with clinical semiology.

Epilepsy research·2025
Same author

Pontine Tegmental Cap Dysplasia: A Rare Brainstem Malformation Mimicking Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathy.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology·2024
Same journal

Environmental variables improve remote sensing-based water table monitoring in peatlands.

The Science of the total environment·2026
Same journal

Climate extremes, WASH deficits, and infectious diseases in the Brazilian Amazon: Insights from explainable machine learning (2010-2022).

The Science of the total environment·2026
Same journal

Life cycle assessment as a tool to improve the environmental sustainability of urban forest management - An Italian case study.

The Science of the total environment·2026
Same journal

Retraction notice to "Fate, bioaccumulation and toxicity of engineered nanomaterials in plants: Current challenges and future prospects" [Sci. Total Environ. 811 (2022) 152249].

The Science of the total environment·2026
Same journal

Retraction notice to "Intensive human land uses cause the biotic homogenization of algae and change their assembly process in a major watershed of China" [Sci. Total Environ. 871 (2023) 162115].

The Science of the total environment·2026
Same journal

Retraction notice to "Phosphorus elevation erodes ectomycorrhizal community diversity and induces divergence of saprophytic community composition between vegetation types" [Sci. Total Environ. 793 (2021) 148502].

The Science of the total environment·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs
07:51

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs

Published on: August 27, 2019

Improving lightning representation in global model through convective cloud based Price and Rind 1992 scheme.

M Sandhya1, Greeshma M Mohan1, Saji Mohandas1

  • 1National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), NOIDA, UP, India.

The Science of the Total Environment
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Improving weather models for accurate lightning prediction is crucial. This study refines storm detection and flash count estimation in the National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Global Unified Model (NCUM-G), reducing false alarms over India.

Keywords:
Lopez schemePR92 lightning schemeRPLB schemeSevere weather diagnosticsStorm area detectionUpdraft velocity

More Related Videos

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
06:48

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves

Published on: May 10, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs
07:51

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs

Published on: August 27, 2019

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
06:48

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves

Published on: May 10, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Meteorology
  • Weather Forecasting

Background:

  • Accurate lightning activity representation in medium-range weather forecasting models is challenging due to fine-scale electrification processes.
  • The National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Global Unified Model (NCUM-G) uses the Price and Rind (1992) (PR92) formulation, which currently relies on a cloud-thickness threshold for storm detection, leading to excessive false alarms over India.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the accuracy of lightning parameterization in the NCUM-G, specifically over the Indian subcontinent.
  • To evaluate and improve storm detection criteria and flash count estimation within the existing lightning parameterization framework.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated three approaches to improve storm detection: modifying cloud depth definitions, redefining cloud-depth limits, and incorporating dynamical parameters alongside cloud depth.
  • Evaluated the combination of column-maximum vertical velocity and cold cloud depth for storm identification.
  • Utilized convective cloud-top height within the PR92 flash-count formulation.

Main Results:

  • The modified scheme, using column-maximum vertical velocity, cold cloud depth, and convective cloud-top height, showed the most promising results.
  • Fractional Skill Score (FSS) analysis confirmed enhanced skill in representing observed lightning flash counts at medium-range time scales.
  • Categorical verification metrics (CSI, ETS) indicated a more balanced performance, reducing bias and false alarms while improving detection skill.

Conclusions:

  • The refined lightning parameterization scheme in NCUM-G demonstrates a more realistic representation of lightning-producing convection over India.
  • Despite improvements, persistent regional discrepancies are linked to systematic model biases in simulating convective processes.
  • The study highlights the importance of refined storm identification criteria for accurate medium-range lightning forecasting.