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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line
08:07

Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line

Published on: February 17, 2016

[Human Herpesvirus-6B Encephalitis].

Masao Ogata1

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) encephalitis is a severe complication in stem cell transplant patients. Prompt diagnosis and treatment, especially with foscarnet, improve survival rates and reduce neurocognitive issues.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) establishes latency after childhood infection.
  • Reactivation in immunocompromised patients, especially after stem cell transplants, is frequent (30-80%).
  • HHV-6B encephalitis is a life-threatening neurological complication with high mortality (30-50%) and long-term sequelae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the clinical significance of HHV-6B encephalitis in transplant recipients.
  • To emphasize the need for prompt diagnosis and empirical antiviral therapy.
  • To discuss current treatment strategies and recent advancements.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis involves detecting HHV-6B DNA in cerebrospinal fluid via PCR.
  • Exclusion of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 and other etiologies is crucial.

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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line
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Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line

Published on: February 17, 2016

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
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Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
10:21

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

  • Clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria are reviewed.

    • Main Results:

    • HHV-6B encephalitis presents with altered consciousness, memory impairment, and seizures, often preceded by hyponatremia.
    • Delayed treatment leads to rapid progression and poor prognosis.
    • Foscarnet is the recommended first-line treatment in Japan, with ganciclovir as a second-line option.

    Conclusions:

    • Early diagnosis and prompt empirical antiviral therapy are critical for managing HHV-6B encephalitis.
    • Foscarnet demonstrates superior outcomes in Japan.
    • Advancements in diagnosis and treatment have improved survival rates for transplant recipients.