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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

High-throughput Parallel Sequencing to Measure Fitness of Leptospira interrogans Transposon Insertion Mutants During Golden Syrian Hamster Infection
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High-throughput Parallel Sequencing to Measure Fitness of Leptospira interrogans Transposon Insertion Mutants During Golden Syrian Hamster Infection

Published on: December 18, 2017

Integrative transcriptomic and network analysis reveals small open reading frames associated with cellular adaptive

ChungYuen Khew1, NurSyafiqah Mohd-Fowzi2, NurulNajihah Zaifulzaman2

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia.

Functional & Integrative Genomics
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that disrupting DNA modification in Leptospira interrogans impacts small open reading frames (sORFs), affecting bacterial virulence and adaptability. Key sORFs regulate essential pathways, linking epigenetic control to pathogenicity.

Keywords:
Leptospira interrogansEpigenetic regulationGene module networkRNA-seqSmall open reading framesVirulence

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Area of Science:

  • Bacteriology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Small open reading frames (sORFs) are emerging regulators in bacterial gene expression.
  • Their roles in pathogenic bacteria, like Leptospira interrogans, are largely unknown.
  • DNA methylation, specifically 4-methylcytosine (4mC), influences bacterial gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genome-wide regulatory landscape of sORFs in Leptospira interrogans.
  • To understand the impact of 4-methylcytosine (4mC) DNA modification loss on sORF expression and bacterial phenotypes.
  • To identify key sORFs involved in pathogenicity and adaptability.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptomic profiling using RNA-seq.
  • Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA).
  • Targeted gene disruption of the lomA gene responsible for 4mC modification.

Main Results:

  • Loss of 4mC led to broad transcriptional changes and impaired bacterial motility, adhesion, and virulence.
  • 31 out of 363 predicted sORFs showed significant differential expression.
  • Seven hub-like sORFs were identified, enriched in flagellar assembly, DNA recombination, and transcriptional regulation pathways.
  • Previously uncharacterized sORFs were found to be central in co-expression modules.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first genome-wide view of methylation-driven sORF regulation in Leptospira.
  • sORFs are linked to epigenetic control, bacterial pathogenicity, and adaptability.
  • Identified sORFs are potential targets for understanding and controlling pathogenic spirochetes.