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Whole-genome analyses illuminate demographic history and lineage differentiation of polymorphic swallowtail butterfly

Xiao Xu1, Jingyi Zeng1, Hao Li1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.

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Summary

The swallowtail butterfly Papilio bootes shows genetic divergence shaped by climate and hybridization. Genomic analysis reveals the Z chromosome and wing-pattern genes contributing to its evolution.

Keywords:
PapilioHybridizationLineage diversificationWhole-genome resequencingWing pattern evolutionZ chromosome

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Entomology

Background:

  • The polymorphic swallowtail butterfly, Papilio bootes, exhibits significant subspecific differentiation and wing pattern variation.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of its divergence and polymorphism is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying lineage diversification and wing pattern evolution in Papilio bootes.
  • To explore the roles of climate, hybridization, and selection in shaping its genetic architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Chromosome-level genome assembly for P. bootes.
  • Whole-genome resequencing of 66 individuals across six subspecies and outgroups.
  • Population genomic analyses, including admixture and selection scans.

Main Results:

  • Identified three major genetic lineages (northern, central, southern) diverging during Pleistocene glacial cycles.
  • Evidence of historical hybridization, with one group originating from admixture.
  • The Z chromosome showed high differentiation and selective sweeps, indicating its role in divergence.
  • Candidate genes (spalt, fpps) associated with wing pigmentation polymorphism were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Climatic oscillations, hybridization, rapid sex chromosome evolution, and natural selection jointly influenced P. bootes diversification.
  • Provides insights into the genomic basis of speciation and phenotypic evolution in Papilio butterflies.