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Sex differences in multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Tu Nguyen^1,2, Wei Jin Wong³, Mark Woodward^4,5,6,7

¹The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia. TuNguyen@georgeinstitute.org.au.

BMC Public Health

|May 20, 2026

Summary

Women experience a higher prevalence of multimorbidity than men. This systematic review highlights sex differences in multimorbidity and calls for further research into contributing factors.

Keywords:

Men’s health Multimorbidity Sex differences Women’s health

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

Public Health
Epidemiology
Sex and Gender in Medicine

Background:

Sex and gender significantly influence the development and impact of multimorbidity.
Understanding these differences is crucial for targeted health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and synthesize evidence on sex differences in multimorbidity prevalence, risk factors, patterns, and health outcomes.
To quantify the prevalence of multimorbidity in women versus men.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search of Ovid Medline and Embase until June 2025.
Inclusion of studies reporting sex-disaggregated data on multimorbidity.
Meta-analysis to pool prevalence estimates and quantify sex differentials using women-to-men ratios.

Main Results:

The review included 37 studies with over 5.8 million individuals (60% women).
Pooled multimorbidity prevalence was higher in women (0.45) than men (0.39), with a prevalence ratio of 1.12.
Limited data were available on sex differences in risk factors, patterns, and health impacts of multimorbidity.

Conclusions:

Women exhibit a higher prevalence of multimorbidity compared to men.
The higher likelihood of multimorbidity in women is multifactorial, necessitating further investigation.
This underscores the need for sex-specific research in multimorbidity.