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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Attitudes01:54

Attitudes

Attitude is our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object. We have attitudes for many things ranging from products that we might pick up in the supermarket to people around the world to political policies. Typically, attitudes are favorable or unfavorable: positive or negative (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). And, they have three components: an affective component (feelings), a behavioral component (the effect of the attitude on behavior), and a cognitive component (belief and knowledge;...
Surveys02:16

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome
08:31

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Published on: July 31, 2016

Assessing epilepsy-related attitudes in face-to-face interviews: A survey mode comparison using the Scales of the

Denny Kerkhoff1, Takayuki Iwayama2,3, Takafumi Shiganami2

  • 1Bielefeld University, Germany.

Journal of Health Psychology
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study compared attitudes toward epilepsy using interviews versus online surveys in Japan. Face-to-face interviews revealed lower social distance and anger, but higher pity, indicating potential social desirability bias in survey modes.

Keywords:
face-to-face interviewmeasurement invariancequestionnaire validationstigmatizationsurvey modes

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • The Japanese version of the Scales of the Attitudes Toward People with Epilepsy (SAPE-J) measures six attitude facets: Social Distance, Concerns, Stereotypes, Fears, Anger, and Pity.
  • Understanding public attitudes toward epilepsy is crucial for effective public health interventions and reducing stigma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the psychometric properties of the SAPE-J using a face-to-face interview mode.
  • To compare attitudes toward epilepsy between face-to-face interviews and online surveys.
  • To evaluate the influence of demographic factors, epilepsy knowledge, and personal experiences on these attitudes.

Main Methods:

  • The study utilized a Japanese sample, comparing data from 103 face-to-face interviewees with 985 online survey respondents.
  • Psychometric properties, including reliability and convergent validity, were assessed for both survey modes.
  • Multigroup measurement invariance analyses were conducted to compare attitudes across different survey modes and demographic groups.

Main Results:

  • Both interview and online survey modes demonstrated sufficient reliability and convergent validity for the SAPE-J.
  • Multigroup measurement invariance confirmed the equivalence of item thresholds, loadings, intercepts, and variances across survey modes.
  • Interviewees reported significantly lower Social Distance, Concerns, and Anger, but higher Pity compared to online respondents, after controlling for covariates.

Conclusions:

  • Survey mode significantly impacts reported attitudes toward people with epilepsy, with face-to-face interviews potentially eliciting greater social desirability.
  • Findings suggest caution when directly comparing epilepsy attitude data collected through different survey methodologies.
  • The study highlights the need to consider survey mode effects in future research on public attitudes toward epilepsy.