How to moderate an academic session effectively

The role of the session moderator in scientific meetings is rarely described in the literature, although it directly influences the scientific, educational and institutional quality of conference sessions. Often perceived as an implicit or purely procedural role, moderation is in fact a specific skill requiring competencies in organization, communication, time management, scientific facilitation and education. Preparation before the session is essential and includes reviewing the programme, identifying session objectives, anticipating key discussion points and coordinating with co-moderators when necessary. Scientific transparency is also part of this responsibility, particularly by ensuring the declaration of conflicts of interest. During the session, the opening sets the tone, clarifies the rules and establishes a respectful and interactive atmosphere. Beyond time management, which remains a central responsibility, an important objective is to transform a sequence of presentations into a genuine scientific discussion by initiating questions, stimulating exchanges, encouraging dialogue between speakers and promoting audience participation. A significant educational responsibility also exists, particularly in supporting junior presenters and maintaining a constructive discussion environment. Adaptability is essential because the role varies according to session format. Effective moderation improves the overall quality of scientific meetings and should therefore be recognized and taught as an academic skill.