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Magnetite-functionalized eggshell membrane composite: a high-performance magnetic adsorbent for Congo red dye.

¹Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University Hofuf Eastern Province Al-Ahsa-31982 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia fshah@kfu.edu.sa.

|May 20, 2026

Summary

Researchers created a sustainable magnetic adsorbent from eggshell membrane and magnetite nanoparticles to remove Congo red dye from wastewater, achieving over 96% removal efficiency.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Materials Science
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Wastewater contamination by dyes like Congo red poses environmental risks.
Developing efficient and sustainable adsorbents is crucial for dye remediation.
Eggshell membrane (ESM) is an abundant, underutilized biowaste material.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel magnetic adsorbent (Fe3O4@ESM) for efficient Congo red removal.
To characterize the adsorbent's properties and optimize adsorption conditions.
To investigate the adsorption mechanism and thermodynamic feasibility.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of Fe3O4@ESM magnetic adsorbent by embedding magnetite nanoparticles onto ESM.
Characterization using techniques like BET and zeta potential analysis.
Multivariate optimization of experimental parameters (pH, adsorbent dose, contact time).
Adsorption studies including isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic analyses.

Main Results:

The Fe3O4@ESM adsorbent exhibited a mesoporous structure, high surface area, and abundant binding sites.
Optimal conditions yielded a high adsorption capacity of 45.04 mg g⁻¹ for Congo red.
Adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating chemisorption.
The process was spontaneous, exothermic, and enabled easy magnetic separation.

Conclusions:

Fe3O4@ESM is a highly effective and sustainable adsorbent for Congo red removal from wastewater.
The study demonstrates the successful valorization of biowaste into functional materials.
This magnetic adsorbent offers a promising solution for environmental dye remediation.