Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities01:22

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide from the body. Respiratory volumes describe the volume of air in the lungs at different phases of the respiratory cycle. Tidal volume is the air breathed in and out during normal, quiet breathing. Inspiratory reserve volume is the air that can be forcefully inspired beyond the tidal volume. In contrast, expiratory reserve volume refers to the air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies01:27

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies

Assessing and diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a detailed approach that includes a comprehensive review of medical history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tests. This thorough evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis and guide effective management strategies.
Medical History
Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Prevalence, Knowledge, and Awareness Level of Atopic Dermatitis Among a Sample of Adult Jordanian Population.

Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology·2026
Same author

Impact of switching between different spirometric reference equations on the assessment of asthma severity and control among jordanian adults.

Chronic respiratory disease·2026
Same author

Metabolic Syndrome in Middle Eastern Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A High Burden Driven by Cumulative Risk Factors.

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease·2026
Same author

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Diabetes Mellitus Among Schoolteachers in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Applicability of the Global Lung Initiative 2022 Reference Equations on a Sample of Healthy Adolescents in Jordan.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Understanding Gaps in Pharmacist-Patient Role Perceptions: Implications for Collaborative Care.

Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults
06:11

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults

Published on: February 9, 2022

Applicability of the Global Lung Initiative 2022 Spirometry Reference Equation Among Healthy Preschool-Aged Children

Walid Al-Qerem1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Pediatric Pulmonology
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The Global Lung Initiative (GLI)-2022 spirometry equations are not suitable for Jordanian children, potentially leading to misinterpretations. Population-specific equations are crucial for accurate lung function assessment in this group.

Keywords:
Global Lung Initiative (GLI)Jordanianlung functionpreschool childrenreference equationsspirometry

More Related Videos

Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting
14:49

Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting

Published on: April 8, 2022

Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models
07:56

Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models

Published on: November 11, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults
06:11

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults

Published on: February 9, 2022

Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting
14:49

Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting

Published on: April 8, 2022

Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models
07:56

Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models

Published on: November 11, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Pediatric Respiratory Health
  • Spirometry Standards

Background:

  • The Global Lung Initiative (GLI) 2022 spirometry equations aim for race-neutral interpretation but their validity in Middle Eastern preschool populations is unknown.
  • Previous spirometry equations, like GLI-2012 Caucasian (GLI-C) and Other/Mixed (GLI-O), have been used but may not be appropriate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the applicability of the GLI global (2022) (GLI-2022) reference equations in healthy Jordanian preschool children.
  • To compare the GLI-2022 equations with the GLI-C and GLI-O equations for lung function assessment in this population.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study included 911 healthy Jordanian children aged 3-6 years.
  • Spirometric data (FEV₁, FVC, FEV₁/FVC) were collected following ATS/ERS standards.
  • Z-scores were calculated using GLI-2022, GLI-C, and GLI-O equations, with validity assessed via normality, bias analysis, and diagnostic agreement.

Main Results:

  • The GLI-C equations showed the best statistical fit, with Z-scores near zero.
  • GLI-2022 and GLI-O equations significantly overestimated lung function (positive Z-scores) in both sexes.
  • GLI-2022 equations exhibited residual bias related to height and/or age, and diagnostic agreement between equation sets was inconsistent.

Conclusions:

  • The GLI-2022 race-neutral equations are inappropriate for Jordanian preschool children, risking clinical misinterpretation.
  • There is a critical need for developing and implementing population-specific spirometry reference equations for this demographic.