Planetary Health Diet Adherence Improves Weight and Body Composition During Energy Restriction

Obesity management relies on energy restriction, yet the contribution of dietary quality to weight-loss and body composition outcomes during hypocaloric interventions remains poorly characterized. This study evaluated whether adherence to the Planetary Health Diet (PHD), as a measure of diet quality, and its key components is associated with weight loss and body composition during energy restriction.

Data from 403 adults with overweight or obesity were analyzed at baseline and at 3, and 6 months across two controlled dietary interventions prescribing a 30% energy deficit. PHD adherence was quantified using an energy-adjusted score based on EAT-Lancet dietary targets. Excellent weight loss was defined as ≥ 10% body weight reduction. Associations were assessed using mixed models, logistic regression, and mediation analyses.

Higher PHD adherence was associated with lower BMI, waist circumference, and body fat percentage. Participants in the highest-adherence quartile had lower BMI than those in the lowest-adherence quartile (-0.94 kg/m²; 95% CI: -1.62 to -0.31; p = 0.005). Each 10-point increase in adherence increased odds of achieving ≥ 10% weight loss by 49% (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.03-2.16). Red and processed meat reduction and higher whole-grain intake mediated associations.

Greater PHD adherence during energy restriction was associated with greater weight loss and improved body composition.

ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT02737267 and NCT03183193.