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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

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A Restacking Inhibited Carbonization Pathway for Graphitization-Prone Precursors Toward Long-Life Sodium-Ion

Yuhan Liu1, Hao Yang1, Qianxun Li1

  • 1Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method for creating hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries from petroleum asphaltenes. This approach improves structural integrity and electrochemical performance, offering a sustainable alternative for energy storage.

Keywords:
asphalteneclosed poreshard carbonpre‐oxidationsodium‐ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Designing hard carbon anodes from graphitization-prone precursors is difficult due to challenges in controlling π-π stacking during carbonization.
  • Existing methods often struggle to balance structural integrity with the disruption needed for optimal performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a theory-guided mechanism for producing high-performance hard carbon anodes from graphitization-prone precursors.
  • To investigate the role of intrinsic heteroatoms in guiding selective oxidation and carbonization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized petroleum asphaltenes rich in heteroatoms as precursors.
  • Employed a site-preferential oxidation mechanism facilitated by heteroatoms and nitric acid.
  • Conducted operando characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Performed life cycle assessment (LCA) for environmental impact analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved turbostratic hard carbon with expanded interlayer spacing and closed pores.
  • Demonstrated suppressed graphitization and enhanced sodium-ion storage kinetics.
  • Obtained a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 89.7% and a reversible capacity of 404.1 mAh g-1.
  • Reported excellent long-term stability with 93.2% capacity retention after 2200 cycles.
  • Validated practical applicability in a 1.2 Ah pouch-cell.

Conclusions:

  • The intrinsic heteroatom-assisted site-preferential oxidation mechanism is effective for producing high-performance hard carbon anodes.
  • This method offers a generalizable strategy for converting low-quality carbon sources into durable sodium-ion battery anode materials.
  • The study provides mechanistic insights into selective carbonization pathways and highlights reduced environmental impacts.