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Updated: May 21, 2026

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels
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Dispersion of Intradiscally Injected Particles is Limited by Size.

Austin Boie1,2, Arthur J Michalek1,2

  • 1Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Clarkson University, Box 5725, Potsdam, NY 13699.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration treatments face challenges. Larger injected particles (>50µm) show limited dispersion in the nucleus pulposus (NP) due to pore size, unlike small molecules.

Keywords:
bovine caudalinjectate retentionintervertebral discleakage

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Spinal Research

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common condition.
  • Current IVD treatments involve needle injections into the nucleus pulposus (NP).
  • The impact of particle size on injectate dispersion within the NP is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how particle size affects injectate dispersion within the IVD nucleus pulposus.
  • To test the hypothesis that larger particles exhibit reduced dispersion compared to smaller ones.

Main Methods:

  • Bovine caudal IVDs were injected with saline containing fluorescent markers of varying sizes: small molecules (1nm), small beads (45-53µm), and large beads (125-150µm).
  • Discs were sectioned and imaged to assess the dispersion area of the injected materials.
  • Quantified the percentage of NP area covered by each particle size and noted the presence/absence of particles.

Main Results:

  • Small molecules dispersed widely, covering a median of 26% of the NP area.
  • Small beads (45-53µm) showed limited dispersion (median 3.8% of NP area).
  • Large beads (125-150µm) were largely confined to the needle track (median 0.66% of NP area), with some injections showing no bead presence in the NP.

Conclusions:

  • Injectate dispersion in the NP is significantly influenced by particle size.
  • Small molecules are effectively delivered to the NP via injection.
  • Particles larger than 50µm experience restricted dispersion due to NP pore size, limiting their therapeutic potential for widespread NP treatment.