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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...

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Near Ambient Conditioned Urea Synthesis Using Hydrogen Peroxide.

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Summary

Researchers developed a new, mild process for synthesizing urea using sodium nitrate and carbon dioxide. This one-pot method offers a potentially greener route for urea production.

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Chemical Synthesis

Background:

  • Urea is a vital chemical for agriculture and industry.
  • Existing urea synthesis methods often require harsh conditions.
  • Developing milder, more sustainable synthesis routes is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a novel, mild thermal-assisted process for urea synthesis.
  • To utilize readily available reagents like sodium nitrate and carbon dioxide.
  • To explore a one-pot tandem reaction pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a one-pot tandem process at ~150 °C and ~10 bar CO2 pressure.
  • Utilized sodium nitrate (NaNO3), carbon dioxide (CO2), iron filings (f-Fe), and hydrogen peroxide.
  • Analyzed synthesized urea using the diacetyl monoxime (DAMO) test and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized urea through a mild thermal-assisted process.
  • Quantified urea yield at approximately 2.3 mM.
  • Confirmed urea formation via DAMO test and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a feasible and mild method for urea synthesis.
  • A plausible reaction mechanism involving intermediates and radical pathways was proposed.
  • This approach offers a potential alternative for sustainable urea production.