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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy01:26

Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in the enlargement of a tissue or organ. Unlike hyperplasia, which involves an increase in cell number, hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in cell volume. This process often occurs in response to higher functional demand or hormonal stimulation, leading to the production of more structural proteins and organelles, thereby enhancing the cells' work capacity.There are two primary types of hypertrophy: physiological...
Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions01:22

Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions

Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and isometric contractions are integral to the body's complex system of movement and stability. Isotonic exercises contribute significantly to functional strength and movement, while isometric contractions are crucial for maintaining posture and joint stability.
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
12:59

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

Published on: July 5, 2017

Menstrual Cycle Phase Does Not Influence Training-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy or Strength: A Randomized Controlled

Alysha C D'Souza1, Derrick W Van Every1, Anmol Bhinder1

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Menstrual cycle phase-based training (MCPBT) does not enhance muscle hypertrophy or strength compared to continuous resistance training (RET). Training volume, not menstrual cycle manipulation, drives adaptations in healthy females.

Keywords:
EUMENORRHEAFEMALERESISTANCE EXERCISESKELETAL MUSCLE

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Understanding the influence of the menstrual cycle on exercise adaptations is crucial for optimizing training.
  • Previous research suggests potential hormonal impacts on muscle response to training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of menstrual cycle phase-based training (MCPBT) on muscle hypertrophy and strength.
  • To compare MCPBT with continuous resistance training (RET) in healthy females.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, unilateral design was used with 24 healthy females over three menstrual cycles (MCs).
  • Training conditions included continuous exercise (EX), high-volume follicular phase (HV-FOL), and high-volume luteal phase (HV-LUT), compared to a control (CON).
  • Muscle hypertrophy and strength were assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, VL CSA, FFM, and 1RM strength.

Main Results:

  • All resistance training conditions significantly increased thigh lean mass, VL CSA, FFM, and 1RM strength compared to the control group (p < 0.001).
  • No significant differences in adaptations were observed between the continuous exercise, HV-FOL, and HV-LUT training conditions (p ≥ 0.17).

Conclusions:

  • Menstrual cycle phase-based training does not provide superior hypertrophy or strength benefits over continuous RET.
  • Training volume-load is a key determinant of muscular adaptations, irrespective of menstrual cycle phase.
  • Adjusting resistance training based on menstrual cycle phases is not necessary for achieving muscular adaptations.