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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Aging01:26

Aging

Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.

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Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
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Published on: February 14, 2014

Long-Term Exposure to Multiple Environmental Factors and Late-Life Cognitive Decline.

Boya Zhang1,2,3, Marcia Pescador Jimenez4, Jaime E Hart1,2

  • 1Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Long-term exposure to environmental factors like greenness and neighborhood socioeconomic status may improve cognition. Enhancing these protective factors could mitigate harm from others, supporting healthier cognitive aging.

Keywords:
cognitive declinecognitive functionenvironmental mixturesgreennesslight at nightneighborhood socioeconomic statusseasonal temperature

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
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Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage
06:46

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Published on: August 4, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Neuroscience
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Individual environmental exposures are linked to cognition, but combined effects on cognitive decline are unclear.
  • Understanding joint environmental impacts is crucial for public health strategies.
  • Long-term exposure assessment is key to identifying cognitive aging influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess independent and joint associations of multiple environmental exposures with cognitive function and decline.
  • To investigate the interplay of air pollution, temperature, noise, greenness, light at night (LAN), and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES).
  • To determine if protective exposures can offset harmful ones for cognitive aging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 18,462 participants in the Nurses' Health Study cognitive substudy.
  • Employed generalized estimating equations (GEE) and quantile g-computation models for statistical analysis.
  • Assigned cumulative average environmental exposures (air pollution, temperature, noise, greenness, LAN, nSES) to residential addresses from 1988 onward.

Main Results:

  • Increased greenness and nSES were associated with higher cognitive function.
  • Higher summer temperatures showed a slight decrease in cognitive function.
  • Joint analysis indicated a higher cognitive score with increased protective exposures, but no significant joint association with cognitive decline was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Enhancing protective environmental factors like greenness and nSES may support cognitive aging.
  • These protective factors might counteract adverse effects from harmful exposures such as high temperatures and LAN.
  • Public health initiatives should consider the combined impact of environmental exposures on cognitive health.