Toward digital twin-enabled venous flow modelling: Interactive valve geometry and lab-on-chip generation framework

The present study introduces a web-based framework that provides real-time generation, visualization and meshing of venous valve geometry using analytically defined constructional parameters. The proposed framework provides a parametric and physiologically inspired representation of venous valve geometry to support investigations of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), where thrombus formation is known to occur in valve sinus regions. The interface allows manipulation of physiological parameters, including vein radius, sinus bulge, sinus length, leaflet spacing, leaflet thickness, and leaflet extension. This enables the modeling of both healthy and pathological valve morphologies and ensures reproducibility. Based on the parameter values, the framework generates a two-dimensional (2D) outline of the geometry and a three-dimensional (3D) lab-on-a-chip-style geometry. It supports the direct export of stereolithography (STL) files, numerical simulation, or microchannel fabrication. The framework also generates high-quality meshes suitable for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using a hexagonal lattice-based discretization strategy, combined with Delaunay triangulation and masking. Parameter sweeps reveal the influence of sinus geometry on flow space, the volume of the recirculation zone, and regions prone to thrombus formation due to low shear. The web-based framework can assist the experimental thrombogenesis studies by enabling interactive parametric exploration and rapid prototyping. The developed framework can serve as a scalable tool for thrombogenesis research, bridging computational design, simulation and experimental validation. The modular, rapid geometry-generation pipeline is designed for integration with real-time Digital Twin platforms to support patient-specific venous flow modeling and simulation.