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Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Designing Removable Partial Dentures.

Omar Alageel1

  • 1Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

International Dental Journal
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools like Copilot and Gemini show promise for designing removable partial dentures (RPDs), offering consistent and accurate results. However, performance varied significantly among different AI models evaluated.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Technology
  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
  • Prosthodontics

Background:

  • Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming prosthodontics, particularly in the design and fabrication of removable partial dentures (RPDs).
  • Evaluating the efficacy of current AI technologies, including large language models (LLMs), is crucial for advancing RPD design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the performance of leading AI large language models (ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini, DeepSeek) in designing removable partial dentures (RPDs).
  • To compare AI-generated RPD designs against established reference models and expert evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-five partially edentulous clinical scenarios (Kennedy classifications) were used to generate RPD designs via four AI systems (ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini, DeepSeek).
  • AI outputs were benchmarked against the AiDENTAL reference model, a retention prediction model, and assessments by six blinded prosthodontic experts.
Keywords:
Artificial intelligenceChatGPTCopilotDeepSeekGeminiProsthodonticsRemovable partial dentures

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  • Statistical analysis employed a mixed-effects ordinal regression model (p < 0.05) to compare design consistency and accuracy.

    • Main Results:

    • Copilot and Gemini demonstrated the highest consistency and accuracy in RPD designs compared to reference standards.
    • DeepSeek exhibited the most significant deviation in design, despite high predicted retention scores.
    • Expert evaluations ranked AiDENTAL highest for overall design quality, followed by Copilot, with ChatGPT and DeepSeek showing lower, more variable performance.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant variations exist in RPD design outputs generated by different large language models (LLMs).
    • AiDENTAL achieved superior overall RPD design quality.
    • Copilot and Gemini emerged as the most consistent and accurate AI tools for RPD design across evaluated criteria.