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Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Types Of Superconductors

Types Of Superconductors

A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Superconductor

Superconductor

A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Theory of Metallic Conduction

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...

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Persistent paramagnons in high-temperature infinite-layer nickelate superconductors.

Yujie Yan^1,2, Ying Chan^1,2, Xunyang Hong^1,2,3

¹Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.

Nature Communications

|May 20, 2026

Summary

High-temperature superconductivity in SmNiO2 shows enhanced performance. Spin fluctuations are key, but magnetic interactions differ from cuprates, revealing unique superconducting mechanisms in nickelates.

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Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

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Published on: January 21, 2016

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Hole-doped SmNiO2 exhibits record-high superconducting transition temperatures (Tc) among infinite-layer nickelates.
Understanding the electronic structure and magnetic interactions is vital for elucidating the mechanism of enhanced superconductivity.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the electronic structure and magnetic interactions in Sm-based infinite-layer nickelates (SECNO).
Explore the relationship between magnetic interactions and superconductivity in these novel materials.

Main Methods:

Utilized Ni L-edge resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) on superconducting Sm1-x-yEuxCalyNiO2 (SECNO) thin films.
Analyzed dispersive paramagnonic excitations in optimally and overdoped samples.

Main Results:

Observed dispersive paramagnonic excitations, supporting a spin-fluctuation-mediated pairing scenario.
Found a ~20% reduction in effective exchange coupling strength in Sm-based nickelates compared to Pr-based ones, despite a two-fold enhancement in Tc.
Highlighted contrasting behavior with hole-doped cuprates, where magnetic interactions positively correlate with Tc.

Conclusions:

Spin fluctuations play a crucial role in the enhanced superconductivity of Sm-based nickelates.
The reduced magnetic interaction strength in Sm-based nickelates, despite higher Tc, suggests distinct superconducting mechanisms compared to cuprates.