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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Thermal Expansion01:22

Thermal Expansion

The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Using a Thermal Camera to Measure Heat Loss Through Bird Feather Coats
04:55

Using a Thermal Camera to Measure Heat Loss Through Bird Feather Coats

Published on: June 17, 2020

Free-form thermal cloaks in three dimensions.

Weichen Li1, Yibo Wang1, Ole Sigmund2

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.

Nature Communications
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a 3D thermal cloaking method for complex shapes using lattice composites. This breakthrough enables practical, omnidirectional thermal cloaking for advanced meta-devices.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Using a Thermal Camera to Measure Heat Loss Through Bird Feather Coats
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Published on: June 17, 2020

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05:20

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Area of Science:

  • Thermal Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Metamaterials

Background:

  • Thermal cloaking aims to hide objects from thermal detection.
  • Transformation theory predicts cloaking requires specific material properties.
  • Previous 2D cloaking was achieved, but 3D cloaking of complex shapes remained a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To physically realize omnidirectional 3D thermal cloaking for arbitrarily complex shapes.
  • To provide a practical route for fabricating 3D thermal meta-devices.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a lattice composite approach based on 3D de-homogenization.
  • Engineered graded and anisotropic 3D thermal conductivities.
  • Integrated spherical harmonics for complex cloak designs.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated 3D thermal cloaking of complex objects, like an apple inside a pear.
  • The lattice composite accurately achieved required thermal properties.
  • Additive manufacturing enabled fabrication of the complex structures.

Conclusions:

  • This work marks the physical realization of transformation theory for arbitrary 3D shapes.
  • The developed method offers a general, efficient, and practical route for 3D thermal meta-devices.
  • This advances the field of thermal engineering and metamaterial applications.