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Related Concept Videos

Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Overview
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination
06:17

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

Global vaccine development.

Jerome H Kim1,2, Nicaise Ndembi3

  • 1International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea. jerome.kim@ivi.int.

Nature Medicine
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Childhood vaccination efforts, crucial for saving millions of lives, face risks from declining consensus and rising vaccine hesitancy. Advances in vaccine technology offer future potential but require addressing equity and funding challenges.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Public Health
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Vaccines have saved approximately 150 million children since 1974, with 2-5 million lives saved annually.
  • Global consensus on childhood vaccination benefits and funding is eroding, jeopardizing past achievements.
  • Vaccine hesitancy in high-income countries has led to decreased vaccination rates and disease outbreaks, such as measles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss how advances in vaccine platform technologies, new immunogens, and expanding target populations can shape the future of vaccination.
  • To highlight cross-cutting issues impacting the successful implementation of vaccination programs.

Main Methods:

  • This is a perspective piece, not an empirical study.
  • Discussion based on current trends and scientific advancements in vaccinology.
  • Analysis of challenges including equity, manufacturing, funding, and vaccine hesitancy.

Main Results:

  • Advances in vaccine technology offer potential to broaden the impact of vaccination across the lifespan.
  • Challenges such as declining consensus, vaccine hesitancy, and funding issues pose significant risks to vaccination programs.
  • Addressing issues of equity, manufacturing, and hesitancy is crucial for future implementation.

Conclusions:

  • Despite setbacks, scientific advancements present opportunities to enhance vaccine efficacy and reach.
  • Urgent attention to global equity, manufacturing capacity, sustainable funding, and combating vaccine hesitancy is necessary.
  • A coordinated approach is vital to secure and expand the life-saving benefits of vaccines globally.