Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Measurement of Antibody Effects on Cellular Function of Isolated Cardiomyocytes
13:42

Measurement of Antibody Effects on Cellular Function of Isolated Cardiomyocytes

Published on: March 8, 2013

Serum chloride level and outcome in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Shota Shirotani1, Yuichiro Minami1, Keigo Kanbayashi1

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

Journal of Cardiology
|May 20, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Low serum chloride levels are linked to increased hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) mortality. This study found that patients with lower chloride levels had a significantly higher risk of HCM-related death.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Clinical Biochemistry

Background:

  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can be fatal.
  • Serum chloride levels influence heart failure prognosis.
  • The link between serum chloride and HCM prognosis is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between serum chloride levels and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy prognosis.
  • To determine if serum chloride is a predictor of HCM-related mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Included 466 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  • Stratified patients into three groups based on initial serum chloride levels.
  • Assessed HCM-related mortality over a median follow-up of 8.5 years.

Main Results:

  • A significant difference in mortality rates was observed across chloride level groups (log-rank p < 0.001).
  • Low serum chloride (≤103 mEq/L) was independently associated with increased HCM-related mortality (HR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.63-4.45).

Conclusions:

  • Low serum chloride levels are associated with increased hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related mortality.
  • Serum chloride may serve as a prognostic biomarker in HCM patients.
Abstract

Keywords:
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathyRisk stratificationSerum chloride levelSudden death

Related Concept Videos

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...